backup materials and knowledge-base docs
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# AMP®-Parkinson's Disease Progression Prediction (2023)
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## Competition Brief
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**竞赛基本信息**
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- **主办方**: AMP (Accelerating Medicines Partnership)
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- **时间**: 2023年
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- **类型**: 表格数据/医疗预测
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- **数据规模**: 小样本数据集
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- **评价目标**: SMAPE (Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error)
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**任务描述**
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预测帕金森病患者的疾病进展情况。使用蛋白质和肽段数据(通过质谱测量脑脊液样本)来预测患者未来的 MDS-UPDRS 评分。
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**数据特点**
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- **蛋白质数据**: 227个蛋白质特征
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- **肽段数据**: 来自多个质谱实验
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- **时间序列**: 每个患者有多次访问记录
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- **样本量**: 相对较小(小样本竞赛)
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- **目标变量**: MDS-UPDRS 评分的进展
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**评价指标**
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SMAPE (Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error)
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- 对称性平均绝对百分比误差
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- 范围 [0, 200],越小越好
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- 对异常值相对鲁棒
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---
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## Top Solutions Analysis
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### 1st Place - Connecting Dotts (Dmitry Gordeev et al.)
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**核心策略**
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- **模型组合**: LightGBM + Neural Network 的简单平均
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- **特征工程**: 精心设计的蛋白质和肽段聚合特征
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- **数据处理**: 针对神经网络的标准化和二值化
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**关键技术细节**
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1. **特征工程**
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- 蛋白质和肽段的聚合统计量(均值、中位数、标准差)
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- 时间序列特征的构造
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- 蛋白质-肽段关系特征的提取
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2. **模型架构**
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- **LightGBM**: 梯度提升树模型
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- **Neural Network**: 深度学习模型
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- **集成策略**: 简单平均
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3. **数据预处理**
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- NN专用预处理: 特征缩放
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- 特征二值化处理
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- 缺失值处理策略
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**代码要点**
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```python
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# 模型集成示例
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final_prediction = (lgb_pred + nn_pred) / 2
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```
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### 2nd Place - No Luck, All Skill
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**核心策略**
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- 发布时间: 2023年6月19日
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- 强调特征工程的重要性
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- 多模型集成策略
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**关键特征**
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- 详细的特征工程流程
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- 模型融合技术
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- 验证策略设计
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### 3rd Place - Hajime Tamura
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**核心策略**
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- 发布时间: 2023年5月19日
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- **分组策略**: 将数据分成两组分别优化
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- 简洁的解决方案(三个主要函数)
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**关键创新**
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- 数据分组优化
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- 针对性模型训练
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- 简化流程提升效率
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### 4th/5th Place - Ambrosm (#5: Find the Control Group)
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**核心策略**
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- 发布时间: 2023年5月18日
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- **控制组识别**: 关键创新点
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- 利用对照组信息改进预测
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**关键洞察**
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- 识别并分离控制组样本
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- 针对不同组别使用不同策略
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- 提升模型区分度
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### 9th Place - Makotu
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**核心策略**
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- 发布时间: 2023年5月18日
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- 详细的特征工程和模型调优
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### 13th Place - FNOA
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**技术要点**
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- 中等排名的稳定方案
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- 实用的特征工程方法
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### 43rd Place - Wojciech Victor Fulmyk (Top 3% Silver)
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**重要发现**
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- **XGBoost 和 LightGBM 表现不佳**
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- 强调传统树模型在这个数据集上的局限性
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- 探索其他模型方向
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**技术要点**
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```python
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# 他们的发现表明传统 GBDT 可能不是最佳选择
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# 需要考虑其他模型或更复杂的特征工程
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```
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### 89th Place - Giba (Non-Leaky Solution)
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**核心策略**
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- 强调无数据泄露的干净方案
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- 可复现的验证策略
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---
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## Common Techniques Across Solutions
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### 1. Feature Engineering Patterns
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**蛋白质/肽段聚合特征**
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```python
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# 时间聚合
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protein_stats = train.groupby('patient_id')['protein'].agg([
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'mean', 'median', 'std', 'min', 'max'
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])
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# 肽段聚合
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peptide_stats = train.groupby('patient_id')['peptide'].agg([
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'mean', 'count', 'nunique'
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])
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```
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**时间序列特征**
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- 访问间隔时间
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- 进展速度估计
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- 基线和随访差异
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**蛋白质-肽段关系**
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- 蛋白质包含的肽数量
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- 肽段来源的蛋白质信息
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### 2. Model Selection Insights
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**成功模型**
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- LightGBM (部分方案)
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- Neural Networks / MLP
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- 集成方法
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**需要谨慎的模型**
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- XGBoost (43rd方案指出效果不佳)
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- 纯线性模型
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- 单一模型(推荐集成)
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### 3. Validation Strategies
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**关键原则**
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- 避免患者级别的数据泄露
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- 时间基础的分割
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- 分组交叉验证
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```python
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from sklearn.model_selection import GroupKFold
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gkf = GroupKFold(n_splits=5)
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for train_idx, val_idx in gkf.split(X, y, groups=patient_ids):
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# 训练和验证
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```
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### 4. Data Leakage Prevention
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**常见陷阱**
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- 同一患者的多次访问分散在训练/验证集
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- 未来信息泄露到训练集
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- 蛋白质/肽段测试集信息泄露
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**预防措施**
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- 严格的患者级别分割
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- 时间有序分割
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- 仔细的特征构造审计
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---
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## Code Templates
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### Basic Feature Engineering
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```python
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import pandas as pd
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import numpy as np
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def create_protein_features(train_proteins, test_proteins):
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"""创建蛋白质聚合特征"""
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def process(df):
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stats = df.groupby('patient_id')['NPX'].agg([
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('protein_mean', 'mean'),
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('protein_std', 'std'),
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('protein_min', 'min'),
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('protein_max', 'max')
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]).reset_index()
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return stats
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train_stats = process(train_proteins)
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test_stats = process(test_proteins)
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return train_stats, test_stats
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def create_peptide_features(train_peptides, test_peptides):
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"""创建肽段聚合特征"""
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def process(df):
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stats = df.groupby('patient_id')['PeptideAbundance'].agg([
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('peptide_mean', 'mean'),
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('peptide_std', 'std'),
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('peptide_count', 'count')
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]).reset_index()
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return stats
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train_stats = process(train_peptides)
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test_stats = process(test_peptides)
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return train_stats, test_stats
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def create_time_features(train_clinical, test_clinical):
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"""创建时间序列特征"""
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def process(df):
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df = df.copy()
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df['visit_month'] = df['visit_month'].astype(int)
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df['pred_month'] = df['visit_month'] + df['updrs_test_month']
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# 计算自基线以来的时间
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df['months_since_baseline'] = df.groupby('patient_id')['visit_month'].transform(lambda x: x - x.min())
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return df
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return process(train_clinical), process(test_clinical)
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```
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### Model Training Template
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```python
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import lightgbm as lgb
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from sklearn.model_selection import GroupKFold
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from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error
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def smape(y_true, y_pred):
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"""SMAPE 评估指标"""
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return 100 * np.mean(2 * np.abs(y_pred - y_true) / (np.abs(y_true) + np.abs(y_pred) + 1e-8))
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def train_lightgbm(X_train, y_train, groups, params=None):
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"""训练 LightGBM 模型"""
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if params is None:
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params = {
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'objective': 'regression',
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'metric': 'mae',
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'learning_rate': 0.01,
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'num_leaves': 31,
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'max_depth': -1,
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'feature_fraction': 0.8,
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'bagging_fraction': 0.8,
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'bagging_freq': 5,
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'verbose': -1
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}
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gkf = GroupKFold(n_splits=5)
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models = []
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scores = []
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for train_idx, val_idx in gkf.split(X_train, y_train, groups=groups):
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X_tr, X_val = X_train.iloc[train_idx], X_train.iloc[val_idx]
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y_tr, y_val = y_train.iloc[train_idx], y_train.iloc[val_idx]
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train_data = lgb.Dataset(X_tr, label=y_tr)
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val_data = lgb.Dataset(X_val, label=y_val, reference=train_data)
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model = lgb.train(
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params,
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train_data,
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num_boost_round=10000,
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valid_sets=[train_data, val_data],
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callbacks=[lgb.early_stopping(100), lgb.log_evaluation(0)]
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)
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pred = model.predict(X_val)
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score = smape(y_val, pred)
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models.append(model)
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scores.append(score)
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print(f'Average SMAPE: {np.mean(scores):.2f}')
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return models, scores
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# 使用示例
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# models, scores = train_lightgbm(X_train, y_train, patient_ids)
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```
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### Neural Network Template
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```python
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import tensorflow as tf
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from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
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def create_nn_model(input_dim, hidden_units=[256, 128, 64]):
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"""创建神经网络模型"""
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model = tf.keras.Sequential([
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tf.keras.layers.Input(shape=(input_dim,)),
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])
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for units in hidden_units:
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model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(
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units,
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activation='relu',
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kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.01)
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))
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model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.3))
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model.add(tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization())
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model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(1, activation='linear'))
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model.compile(
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optimizer=tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=0.001),
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loss='mae',
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metrics=['mae']
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)
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return model
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def train_nn(X_train, y_train, groups, epochs=100, batch_size=32):
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"""训练神经网络"""
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# 标准化
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scaler = StandardScaler()
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X_train_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X_train)
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gkf = GroupKFold(n_splits=5)
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models = []
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scores = []
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for train_idx, val_idx in gkf.split(X_train_scaled, y_train, groups=groups):
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X_tr, X_val = X_train_scaled[train_idx], X_train_scaled[val_idx]
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y_tr, y_val = y_train.iloc[train_idx], y_train.iloc[val_idx]
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model = create_nn_model(X_train.shape[1])
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early_stop = tf.keras.callbacks.EarlyStopping(
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monitor='val_loss',
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patience=10,
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restore_best_weights=True
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)
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history = model.fit(
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X_tr, y_tr,
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validation_data=(X_val, y_val),
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epochs=epochs,
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batch_size=batch_size,
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callbacks=[early_stop],
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verbose=0
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)
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pred = model.predict(X_val).flatten()
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score = smape(y_val, pred)
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models.append((model, scaler))
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scores.append(score)
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print(f'Average SMAPE: {np.mean(scores):.2f}')
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return models, scores
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```
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### Ensemble Template
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```python
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def ensemble_predictions(lgb_models, nn_models, X_test):
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"""集成多个模型的预测"""
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# LightGBM 预测
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lgb_preds = np.mean([model.predict(X_test) for model in lgb_models], axis=0)
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# NN 预测(需要标准化)
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_, scaler = nn_models[0]
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X_test_scaled = scaler.transform(X_test)
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nn_preds = np.mean([
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model.predict(X_test_scaled).flatten()
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for model, _ in nn_models
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], axis=0)
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# 简单平均
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final_pred = (lgb_preds + nn_preds) / 2
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return final_pred
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```
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---
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## Best Practices
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### 1. Data Understanding
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**蛋白质数据特性**
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- 227个蛋白质可能来自不同通路
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- 部分蛋白质可能高度相关
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- 需要探索蛋白质-疾病关系
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**肽段数据特性**
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- 肽数量远大于蛋白质数
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- 多个肽段可能来自同一蛋白质
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- 肽段丰度需要归一化
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**临床数据特性**
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- MDS-UPDRS 评分范围 0-260
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- 不同子评分(第一部分到第四部分)
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- 访问时间间隔不均匀
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### 2. Feature Engineering Guidelines
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**DOs**
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- ✅ 创建患者级别的聚合特征
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- ✅ 利用时间序列信息
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- ✅ 探索蛋白质-肽段关系
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- ✅ 考虑蛋白质生物学意义
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- ✅ 使用领域知识构造特征
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**DON'Ts**
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- ❌ 在测试集上计算统计量
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- ❌ 混合不同患者的未来信息
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- ❌ 忽略数据的时间顺序
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- ❌ 过度使用目标编码(容易泄露)
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### 3. Model Selection Strategy
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**推荐流程**
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1. 从简单模型开始(线性模型、决策树)
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2. 尝试 LightGBM(部分方案有效)
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3. 探索神经网络(1st方案使用)
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4. 集成多个模型
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5. 针对性调整超参数
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**模型选择考虑**
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- 数据量小 → 简单模型或强正则化
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||||
- 特征多 → 特征选择或降维
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||||
- 时序特性 → 考虑时间序列模型
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- 集成收益 → 尝试模型融合
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||||
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||||
### 4. Validation Strategy
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||||
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||||
**推荐方法**
|
||||
```python
|
||||
# 患者级别的 Group K-Fold
|
||||
from sklearn.model_selection import GroupKFold
|
||||
|
||||
gkf = GroupKFold(n_splits=5)
|
||||
for fold, (train_idx, val_idx) in enumerate(gkf.split(X, y, groups=patient_ids)):
|
||||
print(f'Fold {fold + 1}')
|
||||
# 训练和验证
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**时间序列分割**
|
||||
```python
|
||||
from sklearn.model_selection import TimeSeriesSplit
|
||||
|
||||
tscv = TimeSeriesSplit(n_splits=5)
|
||||
for fold, (train_idx, val_idx) in enumerate(tscv.split(X)):
|
||||
# 确保验证集在时间上晚于训练集
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Common Pitfalls
|
||||
|
||||
**数据泄露**
|
||||
- ❌ 将同一患者的多次访问分散到训练和验证集
|
||||
- ❌ 在分割前计算全局统计量
|
||||
- ❌ 使用未来信息预测过去
|
||||
|
||||
**过拟合**
|
||||
- ❌ 特征过多而样本过少
|
||||
- ❌ 过度调参导致验证集泄露
|
||||
- ❌ 复杂模型在小数据集上
|
||||
|
||||
**评估偏差**
|
||||
- ❌ 使用错误的评估指标
|
||||
- ❌ 忽略 SMAPE 的对称性
|
||||
- ❌ 不关注预测的分布特性
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Domain Knowledge Integration
|
||||
|
||||
**帕金森病相关**
|
||||
- MDS-UPDRS 评分的临床意义
|
||||
- 蛋白质标志物的生物学作用
|
||||
- 疾病进展的非线性特性
|
||||
|
||||
**蛋白质组学**
|
||||
- 质谱数据的技术变异
|
||||
- 蛋白质-肽段的定量关系
|
||||
- 缺失值的含义
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Hyperparameter Tuning
|
||||
|
||||
**LightGBM 关键参数**
|
||||
```python
|
||||
params = {
|
||||
'learning_rate': 0.01, # 降低学习率
|
||||
'num_leaves': 31, # 控制复杂度
|
||||
'max_depth': -1, # 不限制深度
|
||||
'min_data_in_leaf': 20, # 小数据集增大此值
|
||||
'feature_fraction': 0.8, # 特征采样
|
||||
'bagging_fraction': 0.8, # 数据采样
|
||||
'bagging_freq': 5,
|
||||
'lambda_l1': 0.1, # L1 正则化
|
||||
'lambda_l2': 0.1, # L2 正则化
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**神经网络关键参数**
|
||||
```python
|
||||
# 小数据集推荐
|
||||
hidden_units = [128, 64, 32] # 减少层数和单元数
|
||||
dropout_rate = 0.3 # 增加 dropout
|
||||
l2_reg = 0.01 # L2 正则化
|
||||
learning_rate = 0.001 # 适中学习率
|
||||
batch_size = 32 # 小批量
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Takeaways
|
||||
|
||||
1. **小样本竞赛特点**
|
||||
- 特征工程比模型复杂度更重要
|
||||
- 避免过拟合是关键
|
||||
- 简单模型集成可能优于复杂单模型
|
||||
|
||||
2. **医疗数据特殊性**
|
||||
- 需要理解领域知识
|
||||
- 数据泄露风险更高
|
||||
- 评估指标的临床意义
|
||||
|
||||
3. **成功的共同点**
|
||||
- 仔细的特征工程
|
||||
- 严格的验证策略
|
||||
- 模型集成
|
||||
- 避免数据泄露
|
||||
|
||||
4. **需要注意的陷阱**
|
||||
- XGBoost/LightGBM 不是万能的(43rd方案发现)
|
||||
- 数据泄露容易但难以发现
|
||||
- 小样本的过拟合风险
|
||||
|
||||
5. **推荐的学习路径**
|
||||
- 从 1st, 2nd, 3rd 方案学习顶级思路
|
||||
- 从 5th, 9th 方案学习实用技巧
|
||||
- 从 43rd 方案学习失败经验
|
||||
- 综合多个方案形成自己的方法
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Resources
|
||||
|
||||
### Official Writeups
|
||||
- [1st Place Solution - Connecting Dotts](https://www.kaggle.com/competitions/amp-parkinsons-disease-progression-prediction/writeups/connecting-dotts-1st-place-solution)
|
||||
- [2nd Place Solution - No Luck, All Skill](https://www.kaggle.com/competitions/amp-parkinsons-disease-progression-prediction/writeups/no-luck-all-skill-2nd-place-solution)
|
||||
- [3rd Place Solution - Hajime Tamura](https://www.kaggle.com/competitions/amp-parkinsons-disease-progression-prediction/writeups/hajime-tamura-3rd-place-solution)
|
||||
- [5th Place Solution - Ambrosm](https://www.kaggle.com/competitions/amp-parkinsons-disease-progression-prediction/writeups/ambrosm-5-find-the-control-group)
|
||||
- [9th Place Solution - Makotu](https://www.kaggle.com/competitions/amp-parkinsons-disease-progression-prediction/writeups/makotu-9th-place-solution)
|
||||
- [13th Place Solution - FNOA](https://www.kaggle.com/competitions/amp-parkinsons-disease-progression-prediction/writeups/fnoa-13th-place-solution)
|
||||
- [43rd Place Solution - Wojciech Victor Fulmyk](https://www.kaggle.com/competitions/amp-parkinsons-disease-progression-prediction/writeups/wojciech-victor-fulmyk-43rd-top-3-silver-medal-sol)
|
||||
- [89th Place Solution - Giba (Non-Leaky)](https://www.kaggle.com/competitions/amp-parkinsons-disease-progression-prediction/writeups/giba-top-89-non-leaky-solution)
|
||||
|
||||
### External Resources
|
||||
- [H2O.ai Blog: Navigating the Parkinson's Disease Prediction Challenge with AI](https://h2o.ai/blog/2023/winners-insight-navigating-the-parkinsons-disease-prediction-challenge-with-ai/)
|
||||
- [中文复现: 小样本比赛也能有稳定区分度](https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/669527953)
|
||||
|
||||
### Competition Pages
|
||||
- [Main Competition Page](https://www.kaggle.com/competitions/amp-parkinsons-disease-progression-prediction)
|
||||
- [Data Description](https://www.kaggle.com/competitions/amp-parkinsons-disease-progression-prediction/data)
|
||||
- [Discussion Forum](https://www.kaggle.com/c/amp-parkinsons-disease-progression-prediction/discussion)
|
||||
|
||||
### Code Notebooks
|
||||
- [LightGBM Starter with Added Features](https://www.kaggle.com/code/sijovm/lightgbm-starter-with-added-features)
|
||||
- [XGB Baseline with Added Features](https://www.kaggle.com/code/sijovm/xgb-baseline-with-added-features)
|
||||
- [AMP® - PDPP EDA + TF Model](https://www.kaggle.com/code/callmewenhao/amp-pdpp-eda-tf-model)
|
||||
- [AMP® - PDPP EDA](https://www.kaggle.com/code/gunesevitan/amp-pdpp-eda)
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user